Modeling foraging in the northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax): individual behavior can predict school dynamics and population biology
نویسندگان
چکیده
Many economically important oceanic fishes travel in large schools, but the foraging behaviors of these schools and the life history consequences of these behaviors have rarely been addressed. The availability of extensive information on bioenergetics of the northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax) allows us to use this species as a case study. We modeled two types of potential behavior that fish could use to exploit a patchy environment: (i) maximizing growth rate or (ii) maximizing survivorship to adulthood and reproduction, which is a function of both growth and avoiding predation. Patterns from existing data sets on gut contents and growth rates from the field for juvenile E. mordax were consistent only with the prediction of maximizing survivorship. The model makes further testable predictions about (i) expected swimming velocities between zooplankton patches, (ii) patterns of size segregation in the formation of schools, (iii) the proportion of zooplankton patches that schools consume, and (iv) reactions to decreases in environmental quality. Overall, the model predicts that anchovies spend at least 25% of their time in schools that are too large to be energetically economical and suggests further research on several variables that could affect populations of schooling fishes. Résumé : De nombreaux poissons d’importance commerciale se déplacent en grands bancs, mais le comportement de recherche de nourriture de ces bancs et les conséquences de ce comportement sur le cycle vital ont rarement été étudiés. La disponibilité d’information détaillée sur la bioénergétique de l’anchois du Pacifique (Engraulis mordax) nous a permis d’utiliser cette espèce dans une étude de cas. Nous avons modélisé deux types de comportement potentiel que le poisson peut utiliser pour exploiter un milieu inégal, soit : (i) maximiser son taux de croissance ou (ii) maximiser sa survie jusqu’au stade adulte et à la reproduction, ce qui est fonction de la croissance et de l’évitement de la prédation. Les tendances dans les séries de données disponibles sur les contenus stomacaux et les taux de croissance des juvéniles de E. mordax, données recueillies sur le terain, ne correspondaient qu’à l’hypothèse de la maximisation de la survie. Le modèle fait d’autres prédictions vérifiables sur : (i) la vitesse prévue de nage entre les nuées de zooplancton, (ii) les tendances de la répartition par taille dans la formation des bancs, (iii) la proportion des nuées de zooplancton que les bancs consomment et (iv) les réactions à une baisse de la qualité de l’environnement. En général, le modèle prédit que l’anchois passe au moins 25 % de son temps en bancs trop gros pour être efficaces au plan énergétique et indique d’autres pistes de recherche sur plusieurs variables qui pourraient influer sur les populations de poissons se déplaçant en bancs. [Traduit par la Rédaction]
منابع مشابه
Growth of Laboratory-reared Northern Anchovy, Engraulis Mordax, from Southern California
The northern anchovy, Engraulis mordax, was experimentally reared in the laboratory at the Southwest Fisheries Center, La Jolla, Calif. Data from three experiments were used to empirically fit a two-phase Gompertz growth model. The model describes growth from hatching to about 20 mo ofage. It was estimated that the average length oflaboratory-reared anchovies is 102 mm at 1 yr old and 119 mm at...
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